ls.c revision 86922 
1/*
2 * Copyright (c) 1989, 1993, 1994
3 *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
4 *
5 * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
6 * Michael Fischbein.
7 *
8 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
9 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
10 * are met:
11 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
12 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
13 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
14 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
15 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
16 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
17 *    must display the following acknowledgement:
18 *	This product includes software developed by the University of
19 *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
20 * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
21 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
22 *    without specific prior written permission.
23 *
24 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
25 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
26 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
27 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
28 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
29 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
30 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
31 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
32 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
33 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
34 * SUCH DAMAGE.
35 */
36
37#ifndef lint
38static const char copyright[] =
39"@(#) Copyright (c) 1989, 1993, 1994\n\
40	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.\n";
41#endif /* not lint */
42
43#ifndef lint
44#if 0
45static char sccsid[] = "@(#)ls.c	8.5 (Berkeley) 4/2/94";
46#else
47static const char rcsid[] =
48  "$FreeBSD: head/bin/ls/ls.c 86922 2001-11-26 22:21:15Z green $";
49#endif
50#endif /* not lint */
51
52#include <sys/types.h>
53#include <sys/stat.h>
54#include <sys/ioctl.h>
55
56#include <dirent.h>
57#include <err.h>
58#include <errno.h>
59#include <fts.h>
60#include <limits.h>
61#include <locale.h>
62#include <stdio.h>
63#include <stdlib.h>
64#include <string.h>
65#include <unistd.h>
66#ifdef COLORLS
67#include <termcap.h>
68#include <signal.h>
69#endif
70
71#include "ls.h"
72#include "extern.h"
73#include "lomac.h"
74
75/*
76 * Upward approximation of the maximum number of characters needed to
77 * represent a value of integral type t as a string, excluding the
78 * NUL terminator, with provision for a sign.
79 */
80#define	STRBUF_SIZEOF(t)	(1 + CHAR_BIT * sizeof(t) / 3 + 1)
81
82static void	 display __P((FTSENT *, FTSENT *));
83static u_quad_t	 makenines __P((u_long));
84static int	 mastercmp __P((const FTSENT **, const FTSENT **));
85static void	 traverse __P((int, char **, int));
86
87static void (*printfcn) __P((DISPLAY *));
88static int (*sortfcn) __P((const FTSENT *, const FTSENT *));
89
90long blocksize;			/* block size units */
91int termwidth = 80;		/* default terminal width */
92
93/* flags */
94int f_accesstime;		/* use time of last access */
95int f_column;			/* columnated format */
96int f_flags;			/* show flags associated with a file */
97int f_inode;			/* print inode */
98int f_kblocks;			/* print size in kilobytes */
99int f_listdir;			/* list actual directory, not contents */
100int f_listdot;			/* list files beginning with . */
101int f_longform;			/* long listing format */
102int f_nonprint;			/* show unprintables as ? */
103int f_nosort;			/* don't sort output */
104int f_notabs;			/* don't use tab-separated multi-col output */
105int f_numericonly;		/* don't convert uid/gid to name */
106int f_octal;			/* show unprintables as \xxx */
107int f_octal_escape;		/* like f_octal but use C escapes if possible */
108int f_recursive;		/* ls subdirectories also */
109int f_reversesort;		/* reverse whatever sort is used */
110int f_sectime;			/* print the real time for all files */
111int f_singlecol;		/* use single column output */
112int f_size;			/* list size in short listing */
113int f_statustime;		/* use time of last mode change */
114int f_timesort;			/* sort by time vice name */
115int f_type;			/* add type character for non-regular files */
116int f_whiteout;			/* show whiteout entries */
117int f_lomac;			/* show LOMAC attributes */
118#ifdef COLORLS
119int f_color;			/* add type in color for non-regular files */
120
121char *ansi_bgcol;		/* ANSI sequence to set background colour */
122char *ansi_fgcol;		/* ANSI sequence to set foreground colour */
123char *ansi_coloff;		/* ANSI sequence to reset colours */
124#endif
125
126int rval;
127
128int
129main(argc, argv)
130	int argc;
131	char *argv[];
132{
133	static char dot[] = ".", *dotav[] = { dot, NULL };
134	struct winsize win;
135	int ch, fts_options, notused;
136	char *p;
137
138#ifdef COLORLS
139	char termcapbuf[1024];		/* termcap definition buffer */
140	char tcapbuf[512];		/* capability buffer */
141	char *bp = tcapbuf;
142#endif
143
144	(void) setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
145
146	/* Terminal defaults to -Cq, non-terminal defaults to -1. */
147	if (isatty(STDOUT_FILENO)) {
148		if (ioctl(STDOUT_FILENO, TIOCGWINSZ, &win) == -1 ||
149		    !win.ws_col) {
150			if ((p = getenv("COLUMNS")) != NULL)
151				termwidth = atoi(p);
152		}
153		else
154			termwidth = win.ws_col;
155		f_column = f_nonprint = 1;
156	} else {
157		f_singlecol = 1;
158		/* retrieve environment variable, in case of explicit -C */
159		if ((p = getenv("COLUMNS")))
160			termwidth = atoi(p);
161	}
162
163	/* Root is -A automatically. */
164	if (!getuid())
165		f_listdot = 1;
166
167	fts_options = FTS_PHYSICAL;
168	while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "1ABCFGHLPRTWZabcdfgiklnoqrstu")) != -1) {
169		switch (ch) {
170		/*
171		 * The -1, -C and -l options all override each other so shell
172		 * aliasing works right.
173		 */
174		case '1':
175			f_singlecol = 1;
176			f_column = f_longform = 0;
177			break;
178		case 'B':
179			f_nonprint = 0;
180			f_octal = 1;
181		        f_octal_escape = 0;
182			break;
183		case 'C':
184			f_column = 1;
185			f_longform = f_singlecol = 0;
186			break;
187		case 'l':
188			f_longform = 1;
189			f_column = f_singlecol = 0;
190			break;
191		/* The -c and -u options override each other. */
192		case 'c':
193			f_statustime = 1;
194			f_accesstime = 0;
195			break;
196		case 'u':
197			f_accesstime = 1;
198			f_statustime = 0;
199			break;
200		case 'F':
201			f_type = 1;
202			break;
203		case 'H':
204		        fts_options |= FTS_COMFOLLOW;
205			break;
206		case 'G':
207			setenv("CLICOLOR", "", 1);
208			break;
209		case 'L':
210			fts_options &= ~FTS_PHYSICAL;
211			fts_options |= FTS_LOGICAL;
212			break;
213		case 'P':
214		        fts_options &= ~FTS_COMFOLLOW;
215			fts_options &= ~FTS_LOGICAL;
216			fts_options |= FTS_PHYSICAL;
217			break;
218		case 'R':
219			f_recursive = 1;
220			break;
221		case 'a':
222			fts_options |= FTS_SEEDOT;
223			/* FALLTHROUGH */
224		case 'A':
225			f_listdot = 1;
226			break;
227		/* The -d option turns off the -R option. */
228		case 'd':
229			f_listdir = 1;
230			f_recursive = 0;
231			break;
232		case 'f':
233			f_nosort = 1;
234			break;
235		case 'g':		/* Compatibility with 4.3BSD. */
236			break;
237		case 'i':
238			f_inode = 1;
239			break;
240		case 'k':
241			f_kblocks = 1;
242			break;
243		case 'n':
244			f_numericonly = 1;
245			break;
246		case 'o':
247			f_flags = 1;
248			break;
249		case 'q':
250			f_nonprint = 1;
251			f_octal = 0;
252		        f_octal_escape = 0;
253			break;
254		case 'r':
255			f_reversesort = 1;
256			break;
257		case 's':
258			f_size = 1;
259			break;
260		case 'T':
261			f_sectime = 1;
262			break;
263		case 't':
264			f_timesort = 1;
265			break;
266		case 'W':
267			f_whiteout = 1;
268			break;
269		case 'b':
270			f_nonprint = 0;
271		        f_octal = 0;
272			f_octal_escape = 1;
273			break;
274		case 'Z':
275			f_lomac = 1;
276			break;
277		default:
278		case '?':
279			usage();
280		}
281	}
282	argc -= optind;
283	argv += optind;
284
285	/* Enabling of colours is conditional on the environment. */
286	if (getenv("CLICOLOR") &&
287	    (isatty(STDOUT_FILENO) || getenv("CLICOLOR_FORCE")))
288#ifdef COLORLS
289		if (tgetent(termcapbuf, getenv("TERM")) == 1) {
290			ansi_fgcol = tgetstr("AF", &bp);
291			ansi_bgcol = tgetstr("AB", &bp);
292
293			/* To switch colours off use 'op' if
294			 * available, otherwise use 'oc', or
295			 * don't do colours at all. */
296			ansi_coloff = tgetstr("op", &bp);
297			if (!ansi_coloff)
298				ansi_coloff = tgetstr("oc", &bp);
299			if (ansi_fgcol && ansi_bgcol && ansi_coloff)
300				f_color = 1;
301		}
302#else
303		(void)fprintf(stderr, "Color support not compiled in.\n");
304#endif /*COLORLS*/
305
306#ifdef COLORLS
307	if (f_color) {
308		/*
309		 * We can't put tabs and color sequences together:
310		 * column number will be incremented incorrectly
311		 * for "stty oxtabs" mode.
312		 */
313		f_notabs = 1;
314		(void) signal(SIGINT, colorquit);
315		(void) signal(SIGQUIT, colorquit);
316		parsecolors(getenv("LSCOLORS"));
317	}
318#endif
319
320	/*
321	 * If not -F, -i, -l, -s or -t options, don't require stat
322	 * information, unless in color mode in which case we do
323	 * need this to determine which colors to display.
324	 */
325	if (!f_inode && !f_longform && !f_size && !f_timesort && !f_type
326#ifdef COLORLS
327	    && !f_color
328#endif
329	   )
330		fts_options |= FTS_NOSTAT;
331
332	/*
333	 * If not -F, -d or -l options, follow any symbolic links listed on
334	 * the command line.
335	 */
336	if (!f_longform && !f_listdir && !f_type)
337		fts_options |= FTS_COMFOLLOW;
338
339	/*
340	 * If -W, show whiteout entries
341	 */
342#ifdef FTS_WHITEOUT
343	if (f_whiteout)
344		fts_options |= FTS_WHITEOUT;
345#endif
346
347	/* If -l or -s, figure out block size. */
348	if (f_longform || f_size) {
349		if (f_kblocks)
350			blocksize = 2;
351		else {
352			(void)getbsize(&notused, &blocksize);
353			blocksize /= 512;
354		}
355	}
356
357	/* Select a sort function. */
358	if (f_reversesort) {
359		if (!f_timesort)
360			sortfcn = revnamecmp;
361		else if (f_accesstime)
362			sortfcn = revacccmp;
363		else if (f_statustime)
364			sortfcn = revstatcmp;
365		else /* Use modification time. */
366			sortfcn = revmodcmp;
367	} else {
368		if (!f_timesort)
369			sortfcn = namecmp;
370		else if (f_accesstime)
371			sortfcn = acccmp;
372		else if (f_statustime)
373			sortfcn = statcmp;
374		else /* Use modification time. */
375			sortfcn = modcmp;
376	}
377
378	/* Select a print function. */
379	if (f_singlecol)
380		printfcn = printscol;
381	else if (f_longform)
382		printfcn = printlong;
383	else
384		printfcn = printcol;
385
386	if (argc)
387		traverse(argc, argv, fts_options);
388	else
389		traverse(1, dotav, fts_options);
390	exit(rval);
391}
392
393static int output;			/* If anything output. */
394
395/*
396 * Traverse() walks the logical directory structure specified by the argv list
397 * in the order specified by the mastercmp() comparison function.  During the
398 * traversal it passes linked lists of structures to display() which represent
399 * a superset (may be exact set) of the files to be displayed.
400 */
401static void
402traverse(argc, argv, options)
403	int argc, options;
404	char *argv[];
405{
406	FTS *ftsp;
407	FTSENT *p, *chp;
408	int ch_options;
409
410	if ((ftsp =
411	    fts_open(argv, options, f_nosort ? NULL : mastercmp)) == NULL)
412		err(1, NULL);
413
414	display(NULL, fts_children(ftsp, 0));
415	if (f_listdir)
416		return;
417
418	/*
419	 * If not recursing down this tree and don't need stat info, just get
420	 * the names.
421	 */
422	ch_options = !f_recursive && options & FTS_NOSTAT ? FTS_NAMEONLY : 0;
423
424	while ((p = fts_read(ftsp)) != NULL)
425		switch (p->fts_info) {
426		case FTS_DC:
427			warnx("%s: directory causes a cycle", p->fts_name);
428			break;
429		case FTS_DNR:
430		case FTS_ERR:
431			warnx("%s: %s", p->fts_name, strerror(p->fts_errno));
432			rval = 1;
433			break;
434		case FTS_D:
435			if (p->fts_level != FTS_ROOTLEVEL &&
436			    p->fts_name[0] == '.' && !f_listdot)
437				break;
438
439			/*
440			 * If already output something, put out a newline as
441			 * a separator.  If multiple arguments, precede each
442			 * directory with its name.
443			 */
444			if (output)
445				(void)printf("\n%s:\n", p->fts_path);
446			else if (argc > 1) {
447				(void)printf("%s:\n", p->fts_path);
448				output = 1;
449			}
450
451			chp = fts_children(ftsp, ch_options);
452			display(p, chp);
453
454			if (!f_recursive && chp != NULL)
455				(void)fts_set(ftsp, p, FTS_SKIP);
456			break;
457		}
458	if (errno)
459		err(1, "fts_read");
460}
461
462/*
463 * Display() takes a linked list of FTSENT structures and passes the list
464 * along with any other necessary information to the print function.  P
465 * points to the parent directory of the display list.
466 */
467static void
468display(p, list)
469	FTSENT *p, *list;
470{
471	struct stat *sp;
472	DISPLAY d;
473	FTSENT *cur;
474	NAMES *np;
475	u_quad_t maxsize;
476	u_long btotal, maxblock, maxinode, maxlen, maxnlink, maxlattr;
477	int bcfile, flen, glen, ulen, lattrlen, maxflags, maxgroup, maxuser;
478	char *initmax;
479	int entries, needstats;
480	char *user, *group, *flags, *lattr;
481	char buf[STRBUF_SIZEOF(u_quad_t) + 1];
482	char ngroup[STRBUF_SIZEOF(uid_t) + 1];
483	char nuser[STRBUF_SIZEOF(gid_t) + 1];
484
485	/*
486	 * If list is NULL there are two possibilities: that the parent
487	 * directory p has no children, or that fts_children() returned an
488	 * error.  We ignore the error case since it will be replicated
489	 * on the next call to fts_read() on the post-order visit to the
490	 * directory p, and will be signaled in traverse().
491	 */
492	if (list == NULL)
493		return;
494
495	needstats = f_inode || f_longform || f_size;
496	flen = 0;
497	btotal = 0;
498	initmax = getenv("LS_COLWIDTHS");
499	/* Fields match -lios order.  New ones should be added at the end. */
500	if (initmax != NULL && *initmax != '\0') {
501		char *initmax2, *jinitmax;
502		int ninitmax;
503
504		/* Fill-in "::" as "0:0:0" for the sake of scanf. */
505		jinitmax = initmax2 = malloc(strlen(initmax) * 2 + 2);
506		if (jinitmax == NULL)
507			err(1, NULL);
508		if (*initmax == ':')
509			strcpy(initmax2, "0:"), initmax2 += 2;
510		else
511			*initmax2++ = *initmax, *initmax2 = '\0';
512		for (initmax++; *initmax != '\0'; initmax++) {
513			if (initmax[-1] == ':' && initmax[0] == ':') {
514				*initmax2++ = '0';
515				*initmax2++ = initmax[0];
516				initmax2[1] = '\0';
517			} else {
518				*initmax2++ = initmax[0];
519				initmax2[1] = '\0';
520			}
521		}
522		if (initmax2[-1] == ':') strcpy(initmax2, "0");
523
524		ninitmax = sscanf(jinitmax,
525		    " %lu : %lu : %lu : %i : %i : %i : %qu : %lu : %lu ",
526		    &maxinode, &maxblock, &maxnlink, &maxuser,
527		    &maxgroup, &maxflags, &maxsize, &maxlen, &maxlattr);
528		f_notabs = 1;
529		switch (ninitmax) {
530		 case 0: maxinode = 0;
531		 case 1: maxblock = 0;
532		 case 2: maxnlink = 0;
533		 case 3: maxuser  = 0;
534		 case 4: maxgroup = 0;
535		 case 5: maxflags = 0;
536		 case 6: maxsize  = 0;
537		 case 7: maxlen   = 0;
538		 case 8: maxlattr = 0;
539#ifdef COLORLS
540		 if (!f_color)
541#endif
542			 f_notabs = 0;
543		}
544		maxinode = makenines(maxinode);
545		maxblock = makenines(maxblock);
546		maxnlink = makenines(maxnlink);
547		maxsize = makenines(maxsize);
548	} else if (initmax == NULL || *initmax == '\0')
549		maxlattr = maxblock = maxinode = maxlen = maxnlink =
550		    maxuser = maxgroup = maxflags = maxsize = 0;
551	if (f_lomac)
552		lomac_start();
553	bcfile = 0;
554	flags = NULL;
555	for (cur = list, entries = 0; cur; cur = cur->fts_link) {
556		if (cur->fts_info == FTS_ERR || cur->fts_info == FTS_NS) {
557			warnx("%s: %s",
558			    cur->fts_name, strerror(cur->fts_errno));
559			cur->fts_number = NO_PRINT;
560			rval = 1;
561			continue;
562		}
563
564		/*
565		 * P is NULL if list is the argv list, to which different rules
566		 * apply.
567		 */
568		if (p == NULL) {
569			/* Directories will be displayed later. */
570			if (cur->fts_info == FTS_D && !f_listdir) {
571				cur->fts_number = NO_PRINT;
572				continue;
573			}
574		} else {
575			/* Only display dot file if -a/-A set. */
576			if (cur->fts_name[0] == '.' && !f_listdot) {
577				cur->fts_number = NO_PRINT;
578				continue;
579			}
580		}
581		if (cur->fts_namelen > maxlen)
582			maxlen = cur->fts_namelen;
583		if (f_octal || f_octal_escape) {
584		        int t = len_octal(cur->fts_name, cur->fts_namelen);
585			if (t > maxlen) maxlen = t;
586		}
587		if (needstats) {
588			sp = cur->fts_statp;
589			if (sp->st_blocks > maxblock)
590				maxblock = sp->st_blocks;
591			if (sp->st_ino > maxinode)
592				maxinode = sp->st_ino;
593			if (sp->st_nlink > maxnlink)
594				maxnlink = sp->st_nlink;
595			if (sp->st_size > maxsize)
596				maxsize = sp->st_size;
597
598			btotal += sp->st_blocks;
599			if (f_longform) {
600				if (f_numericonly) {
601					(void)snprintf(nuser, sizeof(nuser),
602					    "%u", sp->st_uid);
603					(void)snprintf(ngroup, sizeof(ngroup),
604					    "%u", sp->st_gid);
605					user = nuser;
606					group = ngroup;
607				} else {
608					user = user_from_uid(sp->st_uid, 0);
609					group = group_from_gid(sp->st_gid, 0);
610				}
611				if ((ulen = strlen(user)) > maxuser)
612					maxuser = ulen;
613				if ((glen = strlen(group)) > maxgroup)
614					maxgroup = glen;
615				if (f_flags) {
616					flags = fflagstostr(sp->st_flags);
617					if (flags != NULL && *flags == '\0') {
618						free(flags);
619						flags = strdup("-");
620					}
621					if (flags == NULL)
622						err(1, NULL);
623					if ((flen = strlen(flags)) > maxflags)
624						maxflags = flen;
625				} else
626					flen = 0;
627				if (f_lomac) {
628					lattr = get_lattr(cur);
629					lattrlen = strlen(lattr);
630					if (lattrlen > maxlattr)
631						maxlattr = lattrlen;
632				} else
633					lattrlen = 0;
634
635				if ((np = malloc(sizeof(NAMES) + lattrlen +
636				    ulen + glen + flen + 4)) == NULL)
637					err(1, NULL);
638
639				np->user = &np->data[0];
640				(void)strcpy(np->user, user);
641				np->group = &np->data[ulen + 1];
642				(void)strcpy(np->group, group);
643
644				if (S_ISCHR(sp->st_mode) ||
645				    S_ISBLK(sp->st_mode))
646					bcfile = 1;
647
648				if (f_flags) {
649					np->flags = &np->data[ulen + glen + 2];
650				  	(void)strcpy(np->flags, flags);
651					free(flags);
652				}
653				if (f_lomac) {
654					np->lattr = &np->data[ulen + glen + 2
655					    + (f_flags ? flen + 1 : 0)];
656					(void)strcpy(np->lattr, lattr);
657					free(lattr);
658				}
659				cur->fts_pointer = np;
660			}
661		}
662		++entries;
663	}
664
665	if (!entries)
666		return;
667
668	d.list = list;
669	d.entries = entries;
670	d.maxlen = maxlen;
671	if (needstats) {
672		d.bcfile = bcfile;
673		d.btotal = btotal;
674		(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%lu", maxblock);
675		d.s_block = strlen(buf);
676		d.s_flags = maxflags;
677		d.s_lattr = maxlattr;
678		d.s_group = maxgroup;
679		(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%lu", maxinode);
680		d.s_inode = strlen(buf);
681		(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%lu", maxnlink);
682		d.s_nlink = strlen(buf);
683		(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%qu", maxsize);
684		d.s_size = strlen(buf);
685		d.s_user = maxuser;
686	}
687
688	printfcn(&d);
689	output = 1;
690
691	if (f_longform)
692		for (cur = list; cur; cur = cur->fts_link)
693			free(cur->fts_pointer);
694	if (f_lomac)
695		lomac_stop();
696}
697
698/*
699 * Ordering for mastercmp:
700 * If ordering the argv (fts_level = FTS_ROOTLEVEL) return non-directories
701 * as larger than directories.  Within either group, use the sort function.
702 * All other levels use the sort function.  Error entries remain unsorted.
703 */
704static int
705mastercmp(a, b)
706	const FTSENT **a, **b;
707{
708	int a_info, b_info;
709
710	a_info = (*a)->fts_info;
711	if (a_info == FTS_ERR)
712		return (0);
713	b_info = (*b)->fts_info;
714	if (b_info == FTS_ERR)
715		return (0);
716
717	if (a_info == FTS_NS || b_info == FTS_NS)
718		return (namecmp(*a, *b));
719
720	if (a_info != b_info &&
721	    (*a)->fts_level == FTS_ROOTLEVEL && !f_listdir) {
722		if (a_info == FTS_D)
723			return (1);
724		if (b_info == FTS_D)
725			return (-1);
726	}
727	return (sortfcn(*a, *b));
728}
729
730/*
731 * Makenines() returns (10**n)-1.  This is useful for converting a width
732 * into a number that wide in decimal.
733 */
734static u_quad_t
735makenines(n)
736	u_long n;
737{
738	u_long i;
739	u_quad_t reg;
740
741	reg = 1;
742	/* Use a loop instead of pow(), since all values of n are small. */
743	for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
744		reg *= 10;
745	reg--;
746
747	return reg;
748}
749