expand.c revision 264478 
1/*-
2 * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
3 *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
4 * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
5 *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
6 *
7 * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
8 * Kenneth Almquist.
9 *
10 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
11 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
12 * are met:
13 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
14 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
15 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
16 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
17 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
18 * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
19 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
20 *    without specific prior written permission.
21 *
22 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
23 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
24 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
25 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
26 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
27 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
28 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
29 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
30 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
31 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
32 * SUCH DAMAGE.
33 */
34
35#ifndef lint
36#if 0
37static char sccsid[] = "@(#)expand.c	8.5 (Berkeley) 5/15/95";
38#endif
39#endif /* not lint */
40#include <sys/cdefs.h>
41__FBSDID("$FreeBSD: stable/10/bin/sh/expand.c 264478 2014-04-14 21:26:34Z jilles $");
42
43#include <sys/types.h>
44#include <sys/time.h>
45#include <sys/stat.h>
46#include <dirent.h>
47#include <errno.h>
48#include <inttypes.h>
49#include <limits.h>
50#include <pwd.h>
51#include <stdio.h>
52#include <stdlib.h>
53#include <string.h>
54#include <unistd.h>
55#include <wchar.h>
56#include <wctype.h>
57
58/*
59 * Routines to expand arguments to commands.  We have to deal with
60 * backquotes, shell variables, and file metacharacters.
61 */
62
63#include "shell.h"
64#include "main.h"
65#include "nodes.h"
66#include "eval.h"
67#include "expand.h"
68#include "syntax.h"
69#include "parser.h"
70#include "jobs.h"
71#include "options.h"
72#include "var.h"
73#include "input.h"
74#include "output.h"
75#include "memalloc.h"
76#include "error.h"
77#include "mystring.h"
78#include "arith.h"
79#include "show.h"
80#include "builtins.h"
81
82/*
83 * Structure specifying which parts of the string should be searched
84 * for IFS characters.
85 */
86
87struct ifsregion {
88	struct ifsregion *next;	/* next region in list */
89	int begoff;		/* offset of start of region */
90	int endoff;		/* offset of end of region */
91	int inquotes;		/* search for nul bytes only */
92};
93
94
95static char *expdest;			/* output of current string */
96static struct nodelist *argbackq;	/* list of back quote expressions */
97static struct ifsregion ifsfirst;	/* first struct in list of ifs regions */
98static struct ifsregion *ifslastp;	/* last struct in list */
99static struct arglist exparg;		/* holds expanded arg list */
100
101static char *argstr(char *, int);
102static char *exptilde(char *, int);
103static char *expari(char *);
104static void expbackq(union node *, int, int);
105static int subevalvar(char *, char *, int, int, int, int, int);
106static char *evalvar(char *, int);
107static int varisset(const char *, int);
108static void varvalue(const char *, int, int, int);
109static void recordregion(int, int, int);
110static void removerecordregions(int);
111static void ifsbreakup(char *, struct arglist *);
112static void expandmeta(struct strlist *, int);
113static void expmeta(char *, char *);
114static void addfname(char *);
115static struct strlist *expsort(struct strlist *);
116static struct strlist *msort(struct strlist *, int);
117static int patmatch(const char *, const char *, int);
118static char *cvtnum(int, char *);
119static int collate_range_cmp(wchar_t, wchar_t);
120
121static int
122collate_range_cmp(wchar_t c1, wchar_t c2)
123{
124	static wchar_t s1[2], s2[2];
125
126	s1[0] = c1;
127	s2[0] = c2;
128	return (wcscoll(s1, s2));
129}
130
131static char *
132stputs_quotes(const char *data, const char *syntax, char *p)
133{
134	while (*data) {
135		CHECKSTRSPACE(2, p);
136		if (syntax[(int)*data] == CCTL)
137			USTPUTC(CTLESC, p);
138		USTPUTC(*data++, p);
139	}
140	return (p);
141}
142#define STPUTS_QUOTES(data, syntax, p) p = stputs_quotes((data), syntax, p)
143
144/*
145 * Perform expansions on an argument, placing the resulting list of arguments
146 * in arglist.  Parameter expansion, command substitution and arithmetic
147 * expansion are always performed; additional expansions can be requested
148 * via flag (EXP_*).
149 * The result is left in the stack string.
150 * When arglist is NULL, perform here document expansion.
151 *
152 * Caution: this function uses global state and is not reentrant.
153 * However, a new invocation after an interrupted invocation is safe
154 * and will reset the global state for the new call.
155 */
156void
157expandarg(union node *arg, struct arglist *arglist, int flag)
158{
159	struct strlist *sp;
160	char *p;
161
162	argbackq = arg->narg.backquote;
163	STARTSTACKSTR(expdest);
164	ifsfirst.next = NULL;
165	ifslastp = NULL;
166	argstr(arg->narg.text, flag);
167	if (arglist == NULL) {
168		STACKSTRNUL(expdest);
169		return;			/* here document expanded */
170	}
171	STPUTC('\0', expdest);
172	p = grabstackstr(expdest);
173	exparg.lastp = &exparg.list;
174	/*
175	 * TODO - EXP_REDIR
176	 */
177	if (flag & EXP_FULL) {
178		ifsbreakup(p, &exparg);
179		*exparg.lastp = NULL;
180		exparg.lastp = &exparg.list;
181		expandmeta(exparg.list, flag);
182	} else {
183		if (flag & EXP_REDIR) /*XXX - for now, just remove escapes */
184			rmescapes(p);
185		sp = (struct strlist *)stalloc(sizeof (struct strlist));
186		sp->text = p;
187		*exparg.lastp = sp;
188		exparg.lastp = &sp->next;
189	}
190	while (ifsfirst.next != NULL) {
191		struct ifsregion *ifsp;
192		INTOFF;
193		ifsp = ifsfirst.next->next;
194		ckfree(ifsfirst.next);
195		ifsfirst.next = ifsp;
196		INTON;
197	}
198	*exparg.lastp = NULL;
199	if (exparg.list) {
200		*arglist->lastp = exparg.list;
201		arglist->lastp = exparg.lastp;
202	}
203}
204
205
206
207/*
208 * Perform parameter expansion, command substitution and arithmetic
209 * expansion, and tilde expansion if requested via EXP_TILDE/EXP_VARTILDE.
210 * Processing ends at a CTLENDVAR or CTLENDARI character as well as '\0'.
211 * This is used to expand word in ${var+word} etc.
212 * If EXP_FULL, EXP_CASE or EXP_REDIR are set, keep and/or generate CTLESC
213 * characters to allow for further processing.
214 * If EXP_FULL is set, also preserve CTLQUOTEMARK characters.
215 */
216static char *
217argstr(char *p, int flag)
218{
219	char c;
220	int quotes = flag & (EXP_FULL | EXP_CASE | EXP_REDIR);	/* do CTLESC */
221	int firsteq = 1;
222	int split_lit;
223	int lit_quoted;
224
225	split_lit = flag & EXP_SPLIT_LIT;
226	lit_quoted = flag & EXP_LIT_QUOTED;
227	flag &= ~(EXP_SPLIT_LIT | EXP_LIT_QUOTED);
228	if (*p == '~' && (flag & (EXP_TILDE | EXP_VARTILDE)))
229		p = exptilde(p, flag);
230	for (;;) {
231		CHECKSTRSPACE(2, expdest);
232		switch (c = *p++) {
233		case '\0':
234			return (p - 1);
235		case CTLENDVAR:
236		case CTLENDARI:
237			return (p);
238		case CTLQUOTEMARK:
239			lit_quoted = 1;
240			/* "$@" syntax adherence hack */
241			if (p[0] == CTLVAR && p[2] == '@' && p[3] == '=')
242				break;
243			if ((flag & EXP_FULL) != 0)
244				USTPUTC(c, expdest);
245			break;
246		case CTLQUOTEEND:
247			lit_quoted = 0;
248			break;
249		case CTLESC:
250			if (quotes)
251				USTPUTC(c, expdest);
252			c = *p++;
253			USTPUTC(c, expdest);
254			if (split_lit && !lit_quoted)
255				recordregion(expdest - stackblock() -
256				    (quotes ? 2 : 1),
257				    expdest - stackblock(), 0);
258			break;
259		case CTLVAR:
260			p = evalvar(p, flag);
261			break;
262		case CTLBACKQ:
263		case CTLBACKQ|CTLQUOTE:
264			expbackq(argbackq->n, c & CTLQUOTE, flag);
265			argbackq = argbackq->next;
266			break;
267		case CTLARI:
268			p = expari(p);
269			break;
270		case ':':
271		case '=':
272			/*
273			 * sort of a hack - expand tildes in variable
274			 * assignments (after the first '=' and after ':'s).
275			 */
276			USTPUTC(c, expdest);
277			if (split_lit && !lit_quoted)
278				recordregion(expdest - stackblock() - 1,
279				    expdest - stackblock(), 0);
280			if (flag & EXP_VARTILDE && *p == '~' &&
281			    (c != '=' || firsteq)) {
282				if (c == '=')
283					firsteq = 0;
284				p = exptilde(p, flag);
285			}
286			break;
287		default:
288			USTPUTC(c, expdest);
289			if (split_lit && !lit_quoted)
290				recordregion(expdest - stackblock() - 1,
291				    expdest - stackblock(), 0);
292		}
293	}
294}
295
296/*
297 * Perform tilde expansion, placing the result in the stack string and
298 * returning the next position in the input string to process.
299 */
300static char *
301exptilde(char *p, int flag)
302{
303	char c, *startp = p;
304	struct passwd *pw;
305	char *home;
306	int quotes = flag & (EXP_FULL | EXP_CASE | EXP_REDIR);
307
308	while ((c = *p) != '\0') {
309		switch(c) {
310		case CTLESC: /* This means CTL* are always considered quoted. */
311		case CTLVAR:
312		case CTLBACKQ:
313		case CTLBACKQ | CTLQUOTE:
314		case CTLARI:
315		case CTLENDARI:
316		case CTLQUOTEMARK:
317			return (startp);
318		case ':':
319			if (flag & EXP_VARTILDE)
320				goto done;
321			break;
322		case '/':
323		case CTLENDVAR:
324			goto done;
325		}
326		p++;
327	}
328done:
329	*p = '\0';
330	if (*(startp+1) == '\0') {
331		if ((home = lookupvar("HOME")) == NULL)
332			goto lose;
333	} else {
334		if ((pw = getpwnam(startp+1)) == NULL)
335			goto lose;
336		home = pw->pw_dir;
337	}
338	if (*home == '\0')
339		goto lose;
340	*p = c;
341	if (quotes)
342		STPUTS_QUOTES(home, SQSYNTAX, expdest);
343	else
344		STPUTS(home, expdest);
345	return (p);
346lose:
347	*p = c;
348	return (startp);
349}
350
351
352static void
353removerecordregions(int endoff)
354{
355	if (ifslastp == NULL)
356		return;
357
358	if (ifsfirst.endoff > endoff) {
359		while (ifsfirst.next != NULL) {
360			struct ifsregion *ifsp;
361			INTOFF;
362			ifsp = ifsfirst.next->next;
363			ckfree(ifsfirst.next);
364			ifsfirst.next = ifsp;
365			INTON;
366		}
367		if (ifsfirst.begoff > endoff)
368			ifslastp = NULL;
369		else {
370			ifslastp = &ifsfirst;
371			ifsfirst.endoff = endoff;
372		}
373		return;
374	}
375
376	ifslastp = &ifsfirst;
377	while (ifslastp->next && ifslastp->next->begoff < endoff)
378		ifslastp=ifslastp->next;
379	while (ifslastp->next != NULL) {
380		struct ifsregion *ifsp;
381		INTOFF;
382		ifsp = ifslastp->next->next;
383		ckfree(ifslastp->next);
384		ifslastp->next = ifsp;
385		INTON;
386	}
387	if (ifslastp->endoff > endoff)
388		ifslastp->endoff = endoff;
389}
390
391/*
392 * Expand arithmetic expression.
393 * Note that flag is not required as digits never require CTLESC characters.
394 */
395static char *
396expari(char *p)
397{
398	char *q, *start;
399	arith_t result;
400	int begoff;
401	int quoted;
402	int adj;
403
404	quoted = *p++ == '"';
405	begoff = expdest - stackblock();
406	p = argstr(p, 0);
407	removerecordregions(begoff);
408	STPUTC('\0', expdest);
409	start = stackblock() + begoff;
410
411	q = grabstackstr(expdest);
412	result = arith(start);
413	ungrabstackstr(q, expdest);
414
415	start = stackblock() + begoff;
416	adj = start - expdest;
417	STADJUST(adj, expdest);
418
419	CHECKSTRSPACE((int)(DIGITS(result) + 1), expdest);
420	fmtstr(expdest, DIGITS(result), ARITH_FORMAT_STR, result);
421	adj = strlen(expdest);
422	STADJUST(adj, expdest);
423	if (!quoted)
424		recordregion(begoff, expdest - stackblock(), 0);
425	return p;
426}
427
428
429/*
430 * Perform command substitution.
431 */
432static void
433expbackq(union node *cmd, int quoted, int flag)
434{
435	struct backcmd in;
436	int i;
437	char buf[128];
438	char *p;
439	char *dest = expdest;
440	struct ifsregion saveifs, *savelastp;
441	struct nodelist *saveargbackq;
442	char lastc;
443	int startloc = dest - stackblock();
444	char const *syntax = quoted? DQSYNTAX : BASESYNTAX;
445	int quotes = flag & (EXP_FULL | EXP_CASE | EXP_REDIR);
446	size_t nnl;
447
448	INTOFF;
449	saveifs = ifsfirst;
450	savelastp = ifslastp;
451	saveargbackq = argbackq;
452	p = grabstackstr(dest);
453	evalbackcmd(cmd, &in);
454	ungrabstackstr(p, dest);
455	ifsfirst = saveifs;
456	ifslastp = savelastp;
457	argbackq = saveargbackq;
458
459	p = in.buf;
460	lastc = '\0';
461	nnl = 0;
462	/* Don't copy trailing newlines */
463	for (;;) {
464		if (--in.nleft < 0) {
465			if (in.fd < 0)
466				break;
467			while ((i = read(in.fd, buf, sizeof buf)) < 0 && errno == EINTR);
468			TRACE(("expbackq: read returns %d\n", i));
469			if (i <= 0)
470				break;
471			p = buf;
472			in.nleft = i - 1;
473		}
474		lastc = *p++;
475		if (lastc != '\0') {
476			if (lastc == '\n') {
477				nnl++;
478			} else {
479				CHECKSTRSPACE(nnl + 2, dest);
480				while (nnl > 0) {
481					nnl--;
482					USTPUTC('\n', dest);
483				}
484				if (quotes && syntax[(int)lastc] == CCTL)
485					USTPUTC(CTLESC, dest);
486				USTPUTC(lastc, dest);
487			}
488		}
489	}
490
491	if (in.fd >= 0)
492		close(in.fd);
493	if (in.buf)
494		ckfree(in.buf);
495	if (in.jp)
496		exitstatus = waitforjob(in.jp, (int *)NULL);
497	if (quoted == 0)
498		recordregion(startloc, dest - stackblock(), 0);
499	TRACE(("expbackq: size=%td: \"%.*s\"\n",
500		((dest - stackblock()) - startloc),
501		(int)((dest - stackblock()) - startloc),
502		stackblock() + startloc));
503	expdest = dest;
504	INTON;
505}
506
507
508
509static int
510subevalvar(char *p, char *str, int strloc, int subtype, int startloc,
511  int varflags, int quotes)
512{
513	char *startp;
514	char *loc = NULL;
515	char *q;
516	int c = 0;
517	struct nodelist *saveargbackq = argbackq;
518	int amount;
519
520	argstr(p, (subtype == VSTRIMLEFT || subtype == VSTRIMLEFTMAX ||
521	    subtype == VSTRIMRIGHT || subtype == VSTRIMRIGHTMAX ?
522	    EXP_CASE : 0) | EXP_TILDE);
523	STACKSTRNUL(expdest);
524	argbackq = saveargbackq;
525	startp = stackblock() + startloc;
526	if (str == NULL)
527	    str = stackblock() + strloc;
528
529	switch (subtype) {
530	case VSASSIGN:
531		setvar(str, startp, 0);
532		amount = startp - expdest;
533		STADJUST(amount, expdest);
534		varflags &= ~VSNUL;
535		return 1;
536
537	case VSQUESTION:
538		if (*p != CTLENDVAR) {
539			outfmt(out2, "%s\n", startp);
540			error((char *)NULL);
541		}
542		error("%.*s: parameter %snot set", (int)(p - str - 1),
543		      str, (varflags & VSNUL) ? "null or "
544					      : nullstr);
545		return 0;
546
547	case VSTRIMLEFT:
548		for (loc = startp; loc < str; loc++) {
549			c = *loc;
550			*loc = '\0';
551			if (patmatch(str, startp, quotes)) {
552				*loc = c;
553				goto recordleft;
554			}
555			*loc = c;
556			if (quotes && *loc == CTLESC)
557				loc++;
558		}
559		return 0;
560
561	case VSTRIMLEFTMAX:
562		for (loc = str - 1; loc >= startp;) {
563			c = *loc;
564			*loc = '\0';
565			if (patmatch(str, startp, quotes)) {
566				*loc = c;
567				goto recordleft;
568			}
569			*loc = c;
570			loc--;
571			if (quotes && loc > startp && *(loc - 1) == CTLESC) {
572				for (q = startp; q < loc; q++)
573					if (*q == CTLESC)
574						q++;
575				if (q > loc)
576					loc--;
577			}
578		}
579		return 0;
580
581	case VSTRIMRIGHT:
582		for (loc = str - 1; loc >= startp;) {
583			if (patmatch(str, loc, quotes)) {
584				amount = loc - expdest;
585				STADJUST(amount, expdest);
586				return 1;
587			}
588			loc--;
589			if (quotes && loc > startp && *(loc - 1) == CTLESC) {
590				for (q = startp; q < loc; q++)
591					if (*q == CTLESC)
592						q++;
593				if (q > loc)
594					loc--;
595			}
596		}
597		return 0;
598
599	case VSTRIMRIGHTMAX:
600		for (loc = startp; loc < str - 1; loc++) {
601			if (patmatch(str, loc, quotes)) {
602				amount = loc - expdest;
603				STADJUST(amount, expdest);
604				return 1;
605			}
606			if (quotes && *loc == CTLESC)
607				loc++;
608		}
609		return 0;
610
611
612	default:
613		abort();
614	}
615
616recordleft:
617	amount = ((str - 1) - (loc - startp)) - expdest;
618	STADJUST(amount, expdest);
619	while (loc != str - 1)
620		*startp++ = *loc++;
621	return 1;
622}
623
624
625/*
626 * Expand a variable, and return a pointer to the next character in the
627 * input string.
628 */
629
630static char *
631evalvar(char *p, int flag)
632{
633	int subtype;
634	int varflags;
635	char *var;
636	const char *val;
637	int patloc;
638	int c;
639	int set;
640	int special;
641	int startloc;
642	int varlen;
643	int varlenb;
644	int easy;
645	int quotes = flag & (EXP_FULL | EXP_CASE | EXP_REDIR);
646
647	varflags = (unsigned char)*p++;
648	subtype = varflags & VSTYPE;
649	var = p;
650	special = 0;
651	if (! is_name(*p))
652		special = 1;
653	p = strchr(p, '=') + 1;
654again: /* jump here after setting a variable with ${var=text} */
655	if (varflags & VSLINENO) {
656		set = 1;
657		special = 1;
658		val = NULL;
659	} else if (special) {
660		set = varisset(var, varflags & VSNUL);
661		val = NULL;
662	} else {
663		val = bltinlookup(var, 1);
664		if (val == NULL || ((varflags & VSNUL) && val[0] == '\0')) {
665			val = NULL;
666			set = 0;
667		} else
668			set = 1;
669	}
670	varlen = 0;
671	startloc = expdest - stackblock();
672	if (!set && uflag && *var != '@' && *var != '*') {
673		switch (subtype) {
674		case VSNORMAL:
675		case VSTRIMLEFT:
676		case VSTRIMLEFTMAX:
677		case VSTRIMRIGHT:
678		case VSTRIMRIGHTMAX:
679		case VSLENGTH:
680			error("%.*s: parameter not set", (int)(p - var - 1),
681			    var);
682		}
683	}
684	if (set && subtype != VSPLUS) {
685		/* insert the value of the variable */
686		if (special) {
687			if (varflags & VSLINENO)
688				STPUTBIN(var, p - var - 1, expdest);
689			else
690				varvalue(var, varflags & VSQUOTE, subtype, flag);
691			if (subtype == VSLENGTH) {
692				varlenb = expdest - stackblock() - startloc;
693				varlen = varlenb;
694				if (localeisutf8) {
695					val = stackblock() + startloc;
696					for (;val != expdest; val++)
697						if ((*val & 0xC0) == 0x80)
698							varlen--;
699				}
700				STADJUST(-varlenb, expdest);
701			}
702		} else {
703			char const *syntax = (varflags & VSQUOTE) ? DQSYNTAX
704								  : BASESYNTAX;
705
706			if (subtype == VSLENGTH) {
707				for (;*val; val++)
708					if (!localeisutf8 ||
709					    (*val & 0xC0) != 0x80)
710						varlen++;
711			}
712			else {
713				if (quotes)
714					STPUTS_QUOTES(val, syntax, expdest);
715				else
716					STPUTS(val, expdest);
717
718			}
719		}
720	}
721
722	if (subtype == VSPLUS)
723		set = ! set;
724
725	easy = ((varflags & VSQUOTE) == 0 ||
726		(*var == '@' && shellparam.nparam != 1));
727
728
729	switch (subtype) {
730	case VSLENGTH:
731		expdest = cvtnum(varlen, expdest);
732		goto record;
733
734	case VSNORMAL:
735		if (!easy)
736			break;
737record:
738		recordregion(startloc, expdest - stackblock(),
739		    varflags & VSQUOTE || (ifsset() && ifsval()[0] == '\0' &&
740		    (*var == '@' || *var == '*')));
741		break;
742
743	case VSPLUS:
744	case VSMINUS:
745		if (!set) {
746			argstr(p, flag | (flag & EXP_FULL ? EXP_SPLIT_LIT : 0) |
747			    (varflags & VSQUOTE ? EXP_LIT_QUOTED : 0));
748			break;
749		}
750		if (easy)
751			goto record;
752		break;
753
754	case VSTRIMLEFT:
755	case VSTRIMLEFTMAX:
756	case VSTRIMRIGHT:
757	case VSTRIMRIGHTMAX:
758		if (!set)
759			break;
760		/*
761		 * Terminate the string and start recording the pattern
762		 * right after it
763		 */
764		STPUTC('\0', expdest);
765		patloc = expdest - stackblock();
766		if (subevalvar(p, NULL, patloc, subtype,
767		    startloc, varflags, quotes) == 0) {
768			int amount = (expdest - stackblock() - patloc) + 1;
769			STADJUST(-amount, expdest);
770		}
771		/* Remove any recorded regions beyond start of variable */
772		removerecordregions(startloc);
773		goto record;
774
775	case VSASSIGN:
776	case VSQUESTION:
777		if (!set) {
778			if (subevalvar(p, var, 0, subtype, startloc, varflags,
779			    quotes)) {
780				varflags &= ~VSNUL;
781				/*
782				 * Remove any recorded regions beyond
783				 * start of variable
784				 */
785				removerecordregions(startloc);
786				goto again;
787			}
788			break;
789		}
790		if (easy)
791			goto record;
792		break;
793
794	case VSERROR:
795		c = p - var - 1;
796		error("${%.*s%s}: Bad substitution", c, var,
797		    (c > 0 && *p != CTLENDVAR) ? "..." : "");
798
799	default:
800		abort();
801	}
802
803	if (subtype != VSNORMAL) {	/* skip to end of alternative */
804		int nesting = 1;
805		for (;;) {
806			if ((c = *p++) == CTLESC)
807				p++;
808			else if (c == CTLBACKQ || c == (CTLBACKQ|CTLQUOTE)) {
809				if (set)
810					argbackq = argbackq->next;
811			} else if (c == CTLVAR) {
812				if ((*p++ & VSTYPE) != VSNORMAL)
813					nesting++;
814			} else if (c == CTLENDVAR) {
815				if (--nesting == 0)
816					break;
817			}
818		}
819	}
820	return p;
821}
822
823
824
825/*
826 * Test whether a specialized variable is set.
827 */
828
829static int
830varisset(const char *name, int nulok)
831{
832
833	if (*name == '!')
834		return backgndpidset();
835	else if (*name == '@' || *name == '*') {
836		if (*shellparam.p == NULL)
837			return 0;
838
839		if (nulok) {
840			char **av;
841
842			for (av = shellparam.p; *av; av++)
843				if (**av != '\0')
844					return 1;
845			return 0;
846		}
847	} else if (is_digit(*name)) {
848		char *ap;
849		int num = atoi(name);
850
851		if (num > shellparam.nparam)
852			return 0;
853
854		if (num == 0)
855			ap = arg0;
856		else
857			ap = shellparam.p[num - 1];
858
859		if (nulok && (ap == NULL || *ap == '\0'))
860			return 0;
861	}
862	return 1;
863}
864
865static void
866strtodest(const char *p, int flag, int subtype, int quoted)
867{
868	if (flag & (EXP_FULL | EXP_CASE) && subtype != VSLENGTH)
869		STPUTS_QUOTES(p, quoted ? DQSYNTAX : BASESYNTAX, expdest);
870	else
871		STPUTS(p, expdest);
872}
873
874/*
875 * Add the value of a specialized variable to the stack string.
876 */
877
878static void
879varvalue(const char *name, int quoted, int subtype, int flag)
880{
881	int num;
882	char *p;
883	int i;
884	char sep;
885	char **ap;
886
887	switch (*name) {
888	case '$':
889		num = rootpid;
890		goto numvar;
891	case '?':
892		num = oexitstatus;
893		goto numvar;
894	case '#':
895		num = shellparam.nparam;
896		goto numvar;
897	case '!':
898		num = backgndpidval();
899numvar:
900		expdest = cvtnum(num, expdest);
901		break;
902	case '-':
903		for (i = 0 ; i < NOPTS ; i++) {
904			if (optlist[i].val)
905				STPUTC(optlist[i].letter, expdest);
906		}
907		break;
908	case '@':
909		if (flag & EXP_FULL && quoted) {
910			for (ap = shellparam.p ; (p = *ap++) != NULL ; ) {
911				strtodest(p, flag, subtype, quoted);
912				if (*ap)
913					STPUTC('\0', expdest);
914			}
915			break;
916		}
917		/* FALLTHROUGH */
918	case '*':
919		if (ifsset())
920			sep = ifsval()[0];
921		else
922			sep = ' ';
923		for (ap = shellparam.p ; (p = *ap++) != NULL ; ) {
924			strtodest(p, flag, subtype, quoted);
925			if (!*ap)
926				break;
927			if (sep || (flag & EXP_FULL && !quoted && **ap != '\0'))
928				STPUTC(sep, expdest);
929		}
930		break;
931	case '0':
932		p = arg0;
933		strtodest(p, flag, subtype, quoted);
934		break;
935	default:
936		if (is_digit(*name)) {
937			num = atoi(name);
938			if (num > 0 && num <= shellparam.nparam) {
939				p = shellparam.p[num - 1];
940				strtodest(p, flag, subtype, quoted);
941			}
942		}
943		break;
944	}
945}
946
947
948
949/*
950 * Record the fact that we have to scan this region of the
951 * string for IFS characters.
952 */
953
954static void
955recordregion(int start, int end, int inquotes)
956{
957	struct ifsregion *ifsp;
958
959	INTOFF;
960	if (ifslastp == NULL) {
961		ifsp = &ifsfirst;
962	} else {
963		if (ifslastp->endoff == start
964		    && ifslastp->inquotes == inquotes) {
965			/* extend previous area */
966			ifslastp->endoff = end;
967			INTON;
968			return;
969		}
970		ifsp = (struct ifsregion *)ckmalloc(sizeof (struct ifsregion));
971		ifslastp->next = ifsp;
972	}
973	ifslastp = ifsp;
974	ifslastp->next = NULL;
975	ifslastp->begoff = start;
976	ifslastp->endoff = end;
977	ifslastp->inquotes = inquotes;
978	INTON;
979}
980
981
982
983/*
984 * Break the argument string into pieces based upon IFS and add the
985 * strings to the argument list.  The regions of the string to be
986 * searched for IFS characters have been stored by recordregion.
987 * CTLESC characters are preserved but have little effect in this pass
988 * other than escaping CTL* characters.  In particular, they do not escape
989 * IFS characters: that should be done with the ifsregion mechanism.
990 * CTLQUOTEMARK characters are used to preserve empty quoted strings.
991 * This pass treats them as a regular character, making the string non-empty.
992 * Later, they are removed along with the other CTL* characters.
993 */
994static void
995ifsbreakup(char *string, struct arglist *arglist)
996{
997	struct ifsregion *ifsp;
998	struct strlist *sp;
999	char *start;
1000	char *p;
1001	char *q;
1002	const char *ifs;
1003	const char *ifsspc;
1004	int had_param_ch = 0;
1005
1006	start = string;
1007
1008	if (ifslastp == NULL) {
1009		/* Return entire argument, IFS doesn't apply to any of it */
1010		sp = (struct strlist *)stalloc(sizeof *sp);
1011		sp->text = start;
1012		*arglist->lastp = sp;
1013		arglist->lastp = &sp->next;
1014		return;
1015	}
1016
1017	ifs = ifsset() ? ifsval() : " \t\n";
1018
1019	for (ifsp = &ifsfirst; ifsp != NULL; ifsp = ifsp->next) {
1020		p = string + ifsp->begoff;
1021		while (p < string + ifsp->endoff) {
1022			q = p;
1023			if (*p == CTLESC)
1024				p++;
1025			if (ifsp->inquotes) {
1026				/* Only NULs (should be from "$@") end args */
1027				had_param_ch = 1;
1028				if (*p != 0) {
1029					p++;
1030					continue;
1031				}
1032				ifsspc = NULL;
1033			} else {
1034				if (!strchr(ifs, *p)) {
1035					had_param_ch = 1;
1036					p++;
1037					continue;
1038				}
1039				ifsspc = strchr(" \t\n", *p);
1040
1041				/* Ignore IFS whitespace at start */
1042				if (q == start && ifsspc != NULL) {
1043					p++;
1044					start = p;
1045					continue;
1046				}
1047				had_param_ch = 0;
1048			}
1049
1050			/* Save this argument... */
1051			*q = '\0';
1052			sp = (struct strlist *)stalloc(sizeof *sp);
1053			sp->text = start;
1054			*arglist->lastp = sp;
1055			arglist->lastp = &sp->next;
1056			p++;
1057
1058			if (ifsspc != NULL) {
1059				/* Ignore further trailing IFS whitespace */
1060				for (; p < string + ifsp->endoff; p++) {
1061					q = p;
1062					if (*p == CTLESC)
1063						p++;
1064					if (strchr(ifs, *p) == NULL) {
1065						p = q;
1066						break;
1067					}
1068					if (strchr(" \t\n", *p) == NULL) {
1069						p++;
1070						break;
1071					}
1072				}
1073			}
1074			start = p;
1075		}
1076	}
1077
1078	/*
1079	 * Save anything left as an argument.
1080	 * Traditionally we have treated 'IFS=':'; set -- x$IFS' as
1081	 * generating 2 arguments, the second of which is empty.
1082	 * Some recent clarification of the Posix spec say that it
1083	 * should only generate one....
1084	 */
1085	if (had_param_ch || *start != 0) {
1086		sp = (struct strlist *)stalloc(sizeof *sp);
1087		sp->text = start;
1088		*arglist->lastp = sp;
1089		arglist->lastp = &sp->next;
1090	}
1091}
1092
1093
1094static char expdir[PATH_MAX];
1095#define expdir_end (expdir + sizeof(expdir))
1096
1097/*
1098 * Perform pathname generation and remove control characters.
1099 * At this point, the only control characters should be CTLESC and CTLQUOTEMARK.
1100 * The results are stored in the list exparg.
1101 */
1102static void
1103expandmeta(struct strlist *str, int flag __unused)
1104{
1105	char *p;
1106	struct strlist **savelastp;
1107	struct strlist *sp;
1108	char c;
1109	/* TODO - EXP_REDIR */
1110
1111	while (str) {
1112		if (fflag)
1113			goto nometa;
1114		p = str->text;
1115		for (;;) {			/* fast check for meta chars */
1116			if ((c = *p++) == '\0')
1117				goto nometa;
1118			if (c == '*' || c == '?' || c == '[')
1119				break;
1120		}
1121		savelastp = exparg.lastp;
1122		INTOFF;
1123		expmeta(expdir, str->text);
1124		INTON;
1125		if (exparg.lastp == savelastp) {
1126			/*
1127			 * no matches
1128			 */
1129nometa:
1130			*exparg.lastp = str;
1131			rmescapes(str->text);
1132			exparg.lastp = &str->next;
1133		} else {
1134			*exparg.lastp = NULL;
1135			*savelastp = sp = expsort(*savelastp);
1136			while (sp->next != NULL)
1137				sp = sp->next;
1138			exparg.lastp = &sp->next;
1139		}
1140		str = str->next;
1141	}
1142}
1143
1144
1145/*
1146 * Do metacharacter (i.e. *, ?, [...]) expansion.
1147 */
1148
1149static void
1150expmeta(char *enddir, char *name)
1151{
1152	const char *p;
1153	const char *q;
1154	const char *start;
1155	char *endname;
1156	int metaflag;
1157	struct stat statb;
1158	DIR *dirp;
1159	struct dirent *dp;
1160	int atend;
1161	int matchdot;
1162	int esc;
1163	int namlen;
1164
1165	metaflag = 0;
1166	start = name;
1167	for (p = name; esc = 0, *p; p += esc + 1) {
1168		if (*p == '*' || *p == '?')
1169			metaflag = 1;
1170		else if (*p == '[') {
1171			q = p + 1;
1172			if (*q == '!' || *q == '^')
1173				q++;
1174			for (;;) {
1175				while (*q == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1176					q++;
1177				if (*q == CTLESC)
1178					q++;
1179				if (*q == '/' || *q == '\0')
1180					break;
1181				if (*++q == ']') {
1182					metaflag = 1;
1183					break;
1184				}
1185			}
1186		} else if (*p == '\0')
1187			break;
1188		else if (*p == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1189			continue;
1190		else {
1191			if (*p == CTLESC)
1192				esc++;
1193			if (p[esc] == '/') {
1194				if (metaflag)
1195					break;
1196				start = p + esc + 1;
1197			}
1198		}
1199	}
1200	if (metaflag == 0) {	/* we've reached the end of the file name */
1201		if (enddir != expdir)
1202			metaflag++;
1203		for (p = name ; ; p++) {
1204			if (*p == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1205				continue;
1206			if (*p == CTLESC)
1207				p++;
1208			*enddir++ = *p;
1209			if (*p == '\0')
1210				break;
1211			if (enddir == expdir_end)
1212				return;
1213		}
1214		if (metaflag == 0 || lstat(expdir, &statb) >= 0)
1215			addfname(expdir);
1216		return;
1217	}
1218	endname = name + (p - name);
1219	if (start != name) {
1220		p = name;
1221		while (p < start) {
1222			while (*p == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1223				p++;
1224			if (*p == CTLESC)
1225				p++;
1226			*enddir++ = *p++;
1227			if (enddir == expdir_end)
1228				return;
1229		}
1230	}
1231	if (enddir == expdir) {
1232		p = ".";
1233	} else if (enddir == expdir + 1 && *expdir == '/') {
1234		p = "/";
1235	} else {
1236		p = expdir;
1237		enddir[-1] = '\0';
1238	}
1239	if ((dirp = opendir(p)) == NULL)
1240		return;
1241	if (enddir != expdir)
1242		enddir[-1] = '/';
1243	if (*endname == 0) {
1244		atend = 1;
1245	} else {
1246		atend = 0;
1247		*endname = '\0';
1248		endname += esc + 1;
1249	}
1250	matchdot = 0;
1251	p = start;
1252	while (*p == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1253		p++;
1254	if (*p == CTLESC)
1255		p++;
1256	if (*p == '.')
1257		matchdot++;
1258	while (! int_pending() && (dp = readdir(dirp)) != NULL) {
1259		if (dp->d_name[0] == '.' && ! matchdot)
1260			continue;
1261		if (patmatch(start, dp->d_name, 0)) {
1262			namlen = dp->d_namlen;
1263			if (enddir + namlen + 1 > expdir_end)
1264				continue;
1265			memcpy(enddir, dp->d_name, namlen + 1);
1266			if (atend)
1267				addfname(expdir);
1268			else {
1269				if (dp->d_type != DT_UNKNOWN &&
1270				    dp->d_type != DT_DIR &&
1271				    dp->d_type != DT_LNK)
1272					continue;
1273				if (enddir + namlen + 2 > expdir_end)
1274					continue;
1275				enddir[namlen] = '/';
1276				enddir[namlen + 1] = '\0';
1277				expmeta(enddir + namlen + 1, endname);
1278			}
1279		}
1280	}
1281	closedir(dirp);
1282	if (! atend)
1283		endname[-esc - 1] = esc ? CTLESC : '/';
1284}
1285
1286
1287/*
1288 * Add a file name to the list.
1289 */
1290
1291static void
1292addfname(char *name)
1293{
1294	char *p;
1295	struct strlist *sp;
1296	size_t len;
1297
1298	len = strlen(name);
1299	p = stalloc(len + 1);
1300	memcpy(p, name, len + 1);
1301	sp = (struct strlist *)stalloc(sizeof *sp);
1302	sp->text = p;
1303	*exparg.lastp = sp;
1304	exparg.lastp = &sp->next;
1305}
1306
1307
1308/*
1309 * Sort the results of file name expansion.  It calculates the number of
1310 * strings to sort and then calls msort (short for merge sort) to do the
1311 * work.
1312 */
1313
1314static struct strlist *
1315expsort(struct strlist *str)
1316{
1317	int len;
1318	struct strlist *sp;
1319
1320	len = 0;
1321	for (sp = str ; sp ; sp = sp->next)
1322		len++;
1323	return msort(str, len);
1324}
1325
1326
1327static struct strlist *
1328msort(struct strlist *list, int len)
1329{
1330	struct strlist *p, *q = NULL;
1331	struct strlist **lpp;
1332	int half;
1333	int n;
1334
1335	if (len <= 1)
1336		return list;
1337	half = len >> 1;
1338	p = list;
1339	for (n = half ; --n >= 0 ; ) {
1340		q = p;
1341		p = p->next;
1342	}
1343	q->next = NULL;			/* terminate first half of list */
1344	q = msort(list, half);		/* sort first half of list */
1345	p = msort(p, len - half);		/* sort second half */
1346	lpp = &list;
1347	for (;;) {
1348		if (strcmp(p->text, q->text) < 0) {
1349			*lpp = p;
1350			lpp = &p->next;
1351			if ((p = *lpp) == NULL) {
1352				*lpp = q;
1353				break;
1354			}
1355		} else {
1356			*lpp = q;
1357			lpp = &q->next;
1358			if ((q = *lpp) == NULL) {
1359				*lpp = p;
1360				break;
1361			}
1362		}
1363	}
1364	return list;
1365}
1366
1367
1368
1369static wchar_t
1370get_wc(const char **p)
1371{
1372	wchar_t c;
1373	int chrlen;
1374
1375	chrlen = mbtowc(&c, *p, 4);
1376	if (chrlen == 0)
1377		return 0;
1378	else if (chrlen == -1)
1379		c = 0;
1380	else
1381		*p += chrlen;
1382	return c;
1383}
1384
1385
1386/*
1387 * See if a character matches a character class, starting at the first colon
1388 * of "[:class:]".
1389 * If a valid character class is recognized, a pointer to the next character
1390 * after the final closing bracket is stored into *end, otherwise a null
1391 * pointer is stored into *end.
1392 */
1393static int
1394match_charclass(const char *p, wchar_t chr, const char **end)
1395{
1396	char name[20];
1397	const char *nameend;
1398	wctype_t cclass;
1399
1400	*end = NULL;
1401	p++;
1402	nameend = strstr(p, ":]");
1403	if (nameend == NULL || (size_t)(nameend - p) >= sizeof(name) ||
1404	    nameend == p)
1405		return 0;
1406	memcpy(name, p, nameend - p);
1407	name[nameend - p] = '\0';
1408	*end = nameend + 2;
1409	cclass = wctype(name);
1410	/* An unknown class matches nothing but is valid nevertheless. */
1411	if (cclass == 0)
1412		return 0;
1413	return iswctype(chr, cclass);
1414}
1415
1416
1417/*
1418 * Returns true if the pattern matches the string.
1419 */
1420
1421static int
1422patmatch(const char *pattern, const char *string, int squoted)
1423{
1424	const char *p, *q, *end;
1425	const char *bt_p, *bt_q;
1426	char c;
1427	wchar_t wc, wc2;
1428
1429	p = pattern;
1430	q = string;
1431	bt_p = NULL;
1432	bt_q = NULL;
1433	for (;;) {
1434		switch (c = *p++) {
1435		case '\0':
1436			if (*q != '\0')
1437				goto backtrack;
1438			return 1;
1439		case CTLESC:
1440			if (squoted && *q == CTLESC)
1441				q++;
1442			if (*q++ != *p++)
1443				goto backtrack;
1444			break;
1445		case CTLQUOTEMARK:
1446			continue;
1447		case '?':
1448			if (squoted && *q == CTLESC)
1449				q++;
1450			if (*q == '\0')
1451				return 0;
1452			if (localeisutf8) {
1453				wc = get_wc(&q);
1454				/*
1455				 * A '?' does not match invalid UTF-8 but a
1456				 * '*' does, so backtrack.
1457				 */
1458				if (wc == 0)
1459					goto backtrack;
1460			} else
1461				wc = (unsigned char)*q++;
1462			break;
1463		case '*':
1464			c = *p;
1465			while (c == CTLQUOTEMARK || c == '*')
1466				c = *++p;
1467			/*
1468			 * If the pattern ends here, we know the string
1469			 * matches without needing to look at the rest of it.
1470			 */
1471			if (c == '\0')
1472				return 1;
1473			/*
1474			 * First try the shortest match for the '*' that
1475			 * could work. We can forget any earlier '*' since
1476			 * there is no way having it match more characters
1477			 * can help us, given that we are already here.
1478			 */
1479			bt_p = p;
1480			bt_q = q;
1481			break;
1482		case '[': {
1483			const char *endp;
1484			int invert, found;
1485			wchar_t chr;
1486
1487			endp = p;
1488			if (*endp == '!' || *endp == '^')
1489				endp++;
1490			for (;;) {
1491				while (*endp == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1492					endp++;
1493				if (*endp == 0)
1494					goto dft;		/* no matching ] */
1495				if (*endp == CTLESC)
1496					endp++;
1497				if (*++endp == ']')
1498					break;
1499			}
1500			invert = 0;
1501			if (*p == '!' || *p == '^') {
1502				invert++;
1503				p++;
1504			}
1505			found = 0;
1506			if (squoted && *q == CTLESC)
1507				q++;
1508			if (*q == '\0')
1509				return 0;
1510			if (localeisutf8) {
1511				chr = get_wc(&q);
1512				if (chr == 0)
1513					goto backtrack;
1514			} else
1515				chr = (unsigned char)*q++;
1516			c = *p++;
1517			do {
1518				if (c == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1519					continue;
1520				if (c == '[' && *p == ':') {
1521					found |= match_charclass(p, chr, &end);
1522					if (end != NULL)
1523						p = end;
1524				}
1525				if (c == CTLESC)
1526					c = *p++;
1527				if (localeisutf8 && c & 0x80) {
1528					p--;
1529					wc = get_wc(&p);
1530					if (wc == 0) /* bad utf-8 */
1531						return 0;
1532				} else
1533					wc = (unsigned char)c;
1534				if (*p == '-' && p[1] != ']') {
1535					p++;
1536					while (*p == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1537						p++;
1538					if (*p == CTLESC)
1539						p++;
1540					if (localeisutf8) {
1541						wc2 = get_wc(&p);
1542						if (wc2 == 0) /* bad utf-8 */
1543							return 0;
1544					} else
1545						wc2 = (unsigned char)*p++;
1546					if (   collate_range_cmp(chr, wc) >= 0
1547					    && collate_range_cmp(chr, wc2) <= 0
1548					   )
1549						found = 1;
1550				} else {
1551					if (chr == wc)
1552						found = 1;
1553				}
1554			} while ((c = *p++) != ']');
1555			if (found == invert)
1556				goto backtrack;
1557			break;
1558		}
1559dft:	        default:
1560			if (squoted && *q == CTLESC)
1561				q++;
1562			if (*q == '\0')
1563				return 0;
1564			if (*q++ == c)
1565				break;
1566backtrack:
1567			/*
1568			 * If we have a mismatch (other than hitting the end
1569			 * of the string), go back to the last '*' seen and
1570			 * have it match one additional character.
1571			 */
1572			if (bt_p == NULL)
1573				return 0;
1574			if (squoted && *bt_q == CTLESC)
1575				bt_q++;
1576			if (*bt_q == '\0')
1577				return 0;
1578			bt_q++;
1579			p = bt_p;
1580			q = bt_q;
1581			break;
1582		}
1583	}
1584}
1585
1586
1587
1588/*
1589 * Remove any CTLESC and CTLQUOTEMARK characters from a string.
1590 */
1591
1592void
1593rmescapes(char *str)
1594{
1595	char *p, *q;
1596
1597	p = str;
1598	while (*p != CTLESC && *p != CTLQUOTEMARK && *p != CTLQUOTEEND) {
1599		if (*p++ == '\0')
1600			return;
1601	}
1602	q = p;
1603	while (*p) {
1604		if (*p == CTLQUOTEMARK || *p == CTLQUOTEEND) {
1605			p++;
1606			continue;
1607		}
1608		if (*p == CTLESC)
1609			p++;
1610		*q++ = *p++;
1611	}
1612	*q = '\0';
1613}
1614
1615
1616
1617/*
1618 * See if a pattern matches in a case statement.
1619 */
1620
1621int
1622casematch(union node *pattern, const char *val)
1623{
1624	struct stackmark smark;
1625	int result;
1626	char *p;
1627
1628	setstackmark(&smark);
1629	argbackq = pattern->narg.backquote;
1630	STARTSTACKSTR(expdest);
1631	ifslastp = NULL;
1632	argstr(pattern->narg.text, EXP_TILDE | EXP_CASE);
1633	STPUTC('\0', expdest);
1634	p = grabstackstr(expdest);
1635	result = patmatch(p, val, 0);
1636	popstackmark(&smark);
1637	return result;
1638}
1639
1640/*
1641 * Our own itoa().
1642 */
1643
1644static char *
1645cvtnum(int num, char *buf)
1646{
1647	char temp[32];
1648	int neg = num < 0;
1649	char *p = temp + 31;
1650
1651	temp[31] = '\0';
1652
1653	do {
1654		*--p = num % 10 + '0';
1655	} while ((num /= 10) != 0);
1656
1657	if (neg)
1658		*--p = '-';
1659
1660	STPUTS(p, buf);
1661	return buf;
1662}
1663
1664/*
1665 * Do most of the work for wordexp(3).
1666 */
1667
1668int
1669wordexpcmd(int argc, char **argv)
1670{
1671	size_t len;
1672	int i;
1673
1674	out1fmt("%08x", argc - 1);
1675	for (i = 1, len = 0; i < argc; i++)
1676		len += strlen(argv[i]);
1677	out1fmt("%08x", (int)len);
1678	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
1679		outbin(argv[i], strlen(argv[i]) + 1, out1);
1680        return (0);
1681}
1682